There are three main types of solar cells used for home solar panels: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film. Each type has different advantages and disadvantages. The type of panels you choose for your home depends on your budget, electrical needs, and what you want your roof to look like (as well as the solar company you work with).
Main idea
- Monocrystalline solar panels are more expensive but more efficient than other types.
- Polyurethane solar panels offer a good combination of convenience and efficiency.
- Thin-film solar panels are the cheapest option, but they are more suitable for small projects than whole-house electricity.
Solar cell materials
In general, the "type" of solar panel depends on the materials and technology used in construction.
Monocrystalline solar panels
Monocrystalline ("mono") solar panels are made from a single crystal of silicon, which makes them highly efficient. These panels can produce more energy per square foot than other types of panels. They do best in warm climates or shady locations.
Because monocrystalline panels are more difficult to manufacture, monocrystalline panels are more expensive. However, monocrystalline panels are more affordable than other types.
Many homeowners also appreciate that monocrystalline panels have a uniform black color that looks better than other solar panels.
Polyurethane solar panels
Polycrystalline ("poly") solar panels contain fewer silicon crystals and are slightly less efficient than monocrystalline panels. However, they are cheap because they are easy to manufacture. Overall, these panels combine efficiency with affordability, making them an ideal choice for many homes.
Aesthetically, polycrystalline solar panels have a blue color due to the manufacturing process. It may not be the look you're going for, especially if it doesn't match your trim color.
Thin film solar panels are less expensive than mono and poly panels, but are generally not efficient enough to power an entire solar power system.
Thin film solar panels
Thin-film solar panels (not to be confused with flexible solar panels) consist of layers of photovoltaic materials such as amorphous silicon.
These panels are light and flexible, which makes them easy to install in different locations. They are also more affordable than mono and multi-ethnic panels.
Thin-film panels are significantly less efficient than the other two types, so they require a larger surface area to produce the same amount of energy.
According to Andrew Meyer, co-founder of energy technology company Soil Energy, they're generally better suited for smaller projects like powering outdoor lighting.
Other types of solar panels
You can also choose from two other solar panel styles: PERC and bi-directional. They differ in design, not material.
PERC:
PERC solar cells are monocrystalline or polycrystalline panels with an extra layer of material on the back. This layer reflects unused sunlight through the array, producing more energy than a conventional panel.
More power output means fewer panels, ideal for homeowners with limited space or those looking to save on panels. These panels are slightly more expensive, but the need for fewer panels can offset the higher cost.
bilateral
Double-sided panels have solar panels on both sides. They are placed at an angle, so they are illuminated from both directions. Double-sided panels are more durable because they are less susceptible to damage from hail or heavy snow when installed.
This arrangement increases energy production, but has disadvantages. Double sided panels are more expensive and you have to pay more for brackets and other special tools. Also, because these panels are installed laterally, they are more susceptible to high winds. Two-way signs are also difficult to find. only a few companies make them.
cost of solar panels
According to Meier, co-founder of Solar Energy, the average home buyer can pay $16,000 for solar panels, but a home solar power system can cost $3,500 to $35,000. The cost usually depends on the type and brand of solar panel.
» Additional information. The cost of solar panels
Monocrystalline panels are the most expensive option because they are the most difficult to manufacture, averaging between 75 cents and $1.50 per watt. Polyuristic panels cost from 70 cents to $1 per watt. Thin film panels are the most affordable of the three main types of solar panels because they are made of a thin, conductive material that is easy to manufacture and cost an average of 30 to 70 cents per watt or less.
PERC is the most expensive of the less common solar panels, ranging from 32 cents to 65 cents per watt. Double-sided panels cost 85 cents, or $1.60 per watt.
In addition to the cost of the panels, homeowners must consider installation costs (such as when choosing solar panels or shingles) and other costs. Additional costs can include the cost of labor, permits and any necessary electrical upgrades and can range from $1 to $3 per watt.
| Panel type | Consumption per watt (average) |
|---|---|
| Single crystal | $0.75 to $1.50 |
| Polycurist | $0.70 to $1 |
| thin layer | $0.30 to $0.70 |
| PERC: | $0.32 to $0.65 |
| bilateral | $0.85 to $1.60 |
Lifespan of solar cells
Most solar panels have a lifespan of 25 to 30 years, and many companies offer warranties for that period. "Maybe they will last longer, but they won't be as effective. Monocrystalline panels usually last longer, but polycrystalline panels are also a good option,” says Mayer, co-founder of Soil Energy.
Read also: How long do solar panels last?
When purchasing, look for warranties that cover labor and material, so you're covered if your panel starts producing less power due to a defect. Look for warranties that guarantee 90% of the panel's original efficiency after 10 years and 80% efficiency after 25 years or more. "Make sure you work with a reputable supplier that will ensure your panels are of the highest quality and last as long as possible," advises Meyer.
Efficiency of solar panels
Efficiency is how well a solar panel converts solar energy into energy your home can use, usually expressed as a percentage. Most solar panels are 15-20% efficient, meaning that only 15-20% of the light reaching the solar panel is converted into energy that your home can use. The higher the percentage, the more power the panel can produce.
Double-sided panels generally have an efficiency of 19% to 20%. Monocrystalline panels are often rated at over 20%, and PERC can provide 25% or more efficiency. With polycrystalline panels you can expect 15-17% efficiency.
The properties of thin film panels depend on the conductors used to make the panel. Drivers can have 6% to 15% efficiency.
FAQs
How many solar panels do I need?
The number of solar panels you need depends on how much energy your home uses, the panels you buy, and the amount of sunlight you get each day. Using a solar calculator can save you a lot of guesswork when deciding how many panels you need.
Which type of solar panel is best?
Monocrystalline solar panels are often the best choice for homeowners. These panels are more efficient than polycrystalline or thin film panels, and because they are a more common choice, they are easier to find. Polycrystals, on the other hand, are more affordable and still offer decent performance if you're on a budget.
Is it possible to power the whole house with solar energy?
This is possible if you receive a significant amount of direct sunlight (or maximum hours of sunlight) on your roof each day. To get an idea of solar's ability to power your home, search for "Daytime Peak Hours [state]" to find out how many hours of direct sunlight your area receives. Keep in mind that trees around your home can block direct sunlight, making the panels less efficient.
the last row
Polycrystalline or monocrystalline panels are suitable for most homeowners. They are useful, but first of all, they are easy to find. The solar company you choose may not offer PERC or double-sided panels. fewer manufacturers make them, so they can be harder to find. Be sure to check with a reputable company about panel options, costs, and warranties before signing a contract.
- ConsumerAffairs authors rely primarily on original research from government data, industry experts, and other authoritative publications to inform their work. To learn more about our site's content, visit our FAQ page. Specific sources for this article include:
- US Department of Energy, "Owner's Guide to Solar Conversions." From February 18, 2023
- Center for Sustainable Energy, "How much does a typical home solar electric system cost?" From February 18, 2023
- American Solar Society, "Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Solar Panels." From February 18, 2023
